Thermodynamic Behavior of As, Pb, and As during the Vacuum Carbothermal Reduction of Copper Anode Slime

The use of copper anode slime (CAS) for the removal lead, bismuth, and arsenic is key to recovering precious metals. In this paper, vacuum differential gravimetry experiments combined with thermodynamic equilibrium calculations reveal effects temperature, system pressure, carbon concentration on interactions among Pb, Bi, As during reduction. content a direct factor limiting reduction reactions sulfate arsenate phases, affects presence products. When insufficient, mainly exists as oxides in products, form gradually converts monomers increasing content. product Bi2S3 Bi BiS temperature increases. effect related phase Pb- Bi-containing Moreover, were performed verify transformation As, CAS thermal